Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Aorta des Kaninchens

Zusammenfassung Die Aorta des Kaninchens wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden anderer Autoren an der Rattenaorta und eigenen Befunden an der Schweineaorta verglichen. Ähnlich wie die Rattenaorta und im Gegensatz zur Schweineaorta zeigt die Kaninchenaorta in einigen Konstruktionsmerkmalen bedeutsame Unterschiede gegenüber der menschlichen Aorta, soweit deren Konstruktion auf Grund lichtmikroskopischer Untersuchungen bekannt ist.Die Intima besteht aus einem porenfreien, durch stark untereinander verzahnte Einzelzellen gebildeten Endothel und einer schmalen subendothelialen Intima. Diese enthält, eingebettet in eine Grundsubstanz, ein lockeres, wenig organisiert erscheinendes kollagen-elastisches Fasergeflecht und einige sog. Langhanszellen. Die letzteren stellen die für den Stoffwechsel der subendothelialen Intima verantwortlichen Fibrozyten dar; sie sind zugleich in ihrer Eigenschaft als ruhende Mesenchymzellen auch als die Stammzellen einer eventuellen zellulären Reaktion auf einen die Intima treffenden Reiz aufzufassen.Die Media ist von der Intima durch eine voll ausgebildete Lamina elastica interna getrennt. Diese innerste elastische Lamelle bildet ein geschlossenes, homogen gebautes Rohr mit nur wenigen Fenstern.Die übrigen Medialamellen sind teils homogene Rohrwandstücke, teils zusammengesetzt aus elastischen Bändern; ihre Konstruktion steht zwischen der der Rattenaorta, welche lediglich homogene Platten besitzt, und der der Schweineaorta, deren elastische Lamellen hochorganisierte Fasersysteme darstellen. Die Mediamuskelzellen finden sich auch beim Kaninchen als eine Sonderform glatter Muskulatur. Als einzige in der Media enthaltene Zellform sind sie über ihre kontraktilen Funktionen hinaus mit den Funktionen eines Fibroblasten ausgestattet und für den Stoffwechsel der Mediagrundsubstanz und deren faseriger Differenzierungen verantwortlich.Im Interlamellärraum finden sich außer den Muskelzellen, die seinen größten Teil einnehmen, auch kollagene und elastische Fasern und eine Grundsubstanz. Eine strenge Organisation des interlamellären Fasergeflechtes wie in der Schweineaorta ist beim Kaninchen nicht festzustellen.Der Benninghoffsche Spannapparat wird auch in der Kaninchenaorta durch eine Kontinuität von muskulären und elastischen Mediaelementen verkörpert. Diese Kontinuität findet ihren Ausdruck unter anderem im gleichen Steigungswinkel von 30° gegenüber der Horizontalschnittebene, den die Muskelzellen und die Bänder der inhomogen gebauten elastischen Medialamellen einhalten.Die weniger komplizierte Organisation der Lamellen und des interlamellären Fasergeflechtes, der steilere Ansatzwinkel der Muskelzellen an den elastischen Lamellen und vor allem die ausgeprägte Lamina elastica interna unterscheiden die Kaninchenaorta deutlich von der Schweineaorta und lassen Anklänge an die Bauweise muskulärer Arterien erkennen. Die Kaninchenaorta steht dabei entsprechend ihrer Größe zwischen der Rattenaorta und der Schweineaorta.Das Vorhandensein einer Lamina elastica interna mit nur relativ kleinen Fensterungen, die gegenüber der Schweineaorta deutlich geringere Durchströmbarkeit der elastischen Medialamellen und das Fehlen von Vasa vasorum deuten auf eine gegenüber den Aorten größerer Tiere weniger komplizierte Ernährung der Aortenwand hin.Rückschlüsse aus experimentell an der Kaninchen- oder Rattenaorta erhobenen Befunden auf Vorgänge an der Aorta größerer Säuger und vor allem des Menschen sind aus diesen Gründen nur mit Vorbehalt möglich.Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Influence of nicotianamine and iron supply on formation and elongation of adventitious roots in hypocotyl cuttings of the tomato mutant 'chloronerva' (Lycopersicon esculentum)

The influence of nicotianamine (NA) on formation and elongation of adventitious roots in hypocotyls of de-rooted NA-less mutant seedlings of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, was examined in relation to the iron supply [ferric N-N'-ethylenediaminedi-(2-hydroxyphenylacetate) (FEDDHA), ferric ethylenediaminetetracetate (FeEDTA), ferric N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediaminetriacetate (FeHEDTA, Fe-citrate and FeCl₃] in the nutrient solution. The initiation of root primordia in hypocotyl cuttings was independent of NA and occurred with about the same frequency in both, mutant and wild-type. In the mutant the development of primordia to adventitious roots was blocked at all iron sources used, except FeEDTA. Addition of NA (5x 10⁻⁶ to 2 × 10⁻⁵ M ) to the rooting medium resulted in a fast growth of adventitious roots in mutant cuttings with all iron sources tested. Rooting of wild-type cuttings was independent from NA application and iron sources. We suppose that NA is involved in the intracellular transport of iron. Its function is possibly linked with chelation of ferrous iron in the cell.     

Cloning and characterization of a new polyketide synthase gene cluster in Streptomyces aureofaciens CCM 3239.

We cloned a new polyketide gene cluster, aur2, in Streptomyces aureofaciens CCM3239. Sequence analysis of the 9531-bp DNA fragment revealed 10 open reading frames, majority of which showed high similarity to the previously characterized type II polyketide synthase (PKS) genes. An unusual feature of the aur2 cluster is a disconnected organization of minimal PKS genes; ACP is located apart from the genes for ketosynthases KSalpha and KSbeta. The aur2 gene cluster was disrupted in S. aureofaciens CCM3239 by a homologous recombination, replacing the four genes (aur2A, E, F, G) including ketosynthase KSalpha, with antibiotic resistance marker gene. The disruption did not affect growth and differentiation, and disrupted strain produced spores with wild-type grey-pink pigmentation. The biochromatographic analysis of the culture extracts from S. aureofaciens wild type and aur2-disrupted strains did not reveal any difference in the pattern of antibacterial compounds.     

The effect of aluminum on cytokinins in the mycelia of Amanita muscaria

High performance liquid chromatography analysis of immunoaffinity-purified extracts of mycelia of Amanita muscaria, and the Amaranthus bioassay of the eluted fractions, revealed the following seven cytokinins: zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin N-9-glucoside, dihydrozeatin, dihydrozeatin riboside, isopentenyl adenine, and isopentenyl adenosine. The decreased growth of aluminum-treated mycelia correlated with a 35% decrease in the total amount of the cytokinins. Among individual cytokinins, zeatin was the most affected, exhibiting a reduction of about 90%. The results are compared with previous investigations of aluminum effects on cytokinins in the mycelia of Lactarius piperatus, whose growth is stimulated by aluminum.Abbreviations ZR zeatin riboside - iPA isopentenyl adenosine - Z zeatin - DHZ dihydrozeatin - iP isopentenyl adenine - DHZR dihydrozeatin riboside - Z-9G zeatin N-9-glucoside - iP-9G isopentenyl N-9-glucoside - HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - DHZRMP dihydrozeatin riboside monophosphate - ZRMP zeatin riboside monophosphate     

Axon growth from limb motorneurons in the locust embryo: the effect of target limb removal on the pattern of axon branching in the periphery

Metathoracic limb buds have been unilaterally ablated from locust embryos at 25 to 30% of embryonic development and the effect of this operation on the axon morphology of the motorneuron fast extensor tibiae (FETi) observed at later embryonic stages. In control embryos this neuron sends a single axon out the main leg nerve, nerve 5, to the extensor tibiae muscle in the femur. In limb ablated embryos the axon of FETi is found in a wide variety of aberrant peripheral nerve pathways and projects to a wide range of foreign muscles. There is a degree of apparent selectivity, but no rigid hierarchy, in the choice of pathway and muscle made by FETi. A high degree of variability is found between one embryo and another in the extent and pattern of axon branching. The axon of FETi is generally found in pathways that correspond to nerves in control embryos but on occasion grows along novel routes. An anteriorly directed dendritic branch, seldom seen in control FETi neurons, is frequently seen in experimental FETis. These findings are discussed in terms of the rules for specific axon growth in normal development.     

Changes occurring during aging and senescence in a submerged aquatic angiosperm (Potamogeton pectinatus)

Changes occurring during aging and senescence of leaves of a submerged aquatic angiosperm ( Potamogeton pectinatus L.) were studied. Total chlorophyll and chlorophylls a and b were maximal in mature, and minimal in old leaves. The chlorophyll a to b ratio was highest in mature leaves. During senescence, the chlorophyll content and the ratio of chlorophyll a to b decreased. The content of DNA, RNA, protein and dry weight, and the activity of alkaline pyrophosphatase decreased while free amino acids, the activity of protease, RNase and acid pyrophosphatase, and the ratio of acid to alkaline pyrophosphatase activity increased during aging and senescence. Kinetin (0.23 m M ) deferred leaf senescence by delaying the loss of chlorophyll, protein, nucleic acids and dry weight, and reducing the rise in free amino acids, the activity of protease, RNase and acid pyrophosphatase and the ratio of acid to alkaline pyrophosphatase activity; while both 0.69 m M ethrel and 0.075 m M ABA hastened senescence. Kinetin pretreatment for an optimum period (12 h) followed by ethrel or ABA treatment partially erased the senescence-promoting effect of the latter. But treatments in a reverse order markedly reduced the delaying effect of kinetin on senescence.     

The coxal glands of geophilomorpha (chilopoda): Organs of osmoregulation

Summary The organs terminating at the coxal pores of the tug-legs of Geophilomorpha are not repugnatorial glands, but possess typical transport epithelia with deep apical and basal infoldings of the cell membranes, between which numerous large mitochondria are located. Many transport vesicles are found in the basal region but fewer in the apical cytoplasm. The apex is characterized by bundles of longitudinally oriented microtubules, sparse endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Single neurosecretory axons with synaptoid areas are scattered among the cells. It is suggested that the coxal organs have a diuretic function in moist habitats and an antidiuretic effect in arid environments. The switch-over is evidently controlled by a neuroendocrine mechanism.     

Cell division and sister chromatid exchanges in 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) mosaicism

Summary The kinetics of cell division and sister chromatid exchanges were studied in PHA-stimulated short-term cultivations of peripheral blood by means of the BUDR/FPG technique in controls and in five patients with 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) mosaicism. No significant differences in the length of the cell cycle were observed between 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) and control 46,XX cells. The number of SCE on late i(Xq) was only nonsignificantly elevated (0.6 per i(Xq)) against the value expected on the basis of its relative length.     

Responses of epidermal diffusive conductance to simultaneous changes in two factors: Determination of interactions

Responses of the epidermal diffusive conductance (gep) to irradiance (I) during ontogeny of primary bean leaves or during their wilting were followed. Effects ofI, leaf age and leaf water potential (Ψw) as well as interactive effects (I × leaf age andI × Ψw) ongep were statistically significant.